| Tool | Description | Application area | Ref. |
| ChatGPT | Natural language processing model Poor performance | Clinical decision support providing of information and guidance | [20] |
| AlertWatch-OR | Provide case-specific advice Can be trained by supervised learning or non-supervised learning types Uses a novel visual display of organ systems with a combination of color codes Textual description to present alerts | Clinical decision support | [75] |
| SEDLINE | These devices can be unreliable as they heavily depend on the patient age, anesthetic agents used and interference from motion or electrocautery. | Clinical decision support | [77] |
| Mc Sleepy | Closed‑loop feedback control system Targeting BIS parameter, analgoscore, muscle relaxation Suitable for complex case and telemedicine Can autonomously control sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade simultaneously during induction, maintenance and emergence | Propofol, remifentanil, rocuronium infusion | [41] |
| Sedasys | Can be managed by non-anaesthetic medical staff Withdrawn from the market in 2016 | Propofol sedation | [103] |
| iControl-RP | Closed-loop system for intravenous anesthesiology delivery Make decisions and control the administration of IV agents such as Propofol and Remifentanil iControl-RP takes into account neuromonitoring using BIS as well as haemodynamic monitoring data into its decision making | Propofol sedation | [42] |
| CLADS | Electroencephalographic indices as the input variable BIS as the control variable Can be operated in manual or automatic mode Achieve good trial results | Propofol sedation | [85] |
| RUGLOOP | Patient-individualized closed-loop control system Uses Bayesian technique for machine learning algorithm Accurate propofol injection Acceptable robustness | Propofol sedation | [87] |
| CONCERT-CL | Target controlled infusion (TCI) system Successful clinical trial was carried out in 2013 | Propofol, remifentanil, infusion | [88] |
| DaVinci® Surgical System | Has multiple robotic arms so it can handle complicated cases Simulated fiber-optic-assisted oral and nasal intubations of a manikin were successful | Endotracheal intubation and regional anesthesiology | [91] |
| Kepler Intubation System (KIS) | Perform intubation automatically or semi automatically Consists of a single robotic arm controlled by a joystick to guide endotracheal intubation remotely Robotic arm linked to a videolaryngoscope | Intubation | [92] |
| Magellan system | Used for peripheral nerve block Semi-automatic Using ultrasound guided technique Has an arm with a nerve block needle at the end Arm can be controlled by a joystick Ultrasound-guided nerve recognition. | Regional anesthesiology | [96] |