| Participants’ characteristics | Nationality | Chi-square | |||
| Non-Saudi | Saudi | Total | |||
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | X2 (P-value) | ||
| DM | <7% HbA1c | 80 (66.6%) | 134 (75.3%) | 214 (71.8%) | 1.374 (0.5030) |
| >7% HbA1c | 40 (33.4%) | 44 (24.7%) | 84 (28.2%) | ||
| Smoking | <10 cig. | 94 (78.3%) | 122 (68.5%) | 202 (72.5%) | 5.484 (0.064) |
| >10 cig. | 26 (21.7%) | 56 (31.5%) | 82 (27.5%) | ||