Absolute

Relative

· Rupture of membranes.

· Premature labor.

· Persistent unexplained vaginal bleeding.

· Placenta previa after 28 weeks gestation.

· Preeclampsia.

· Incompetent cervix.

· Intrauterine growth restriction.

· High-order multiple pregnancy (e.g., triplets).

· Uncontrolled type I diabetes.

· Uncontrolled hypertension.

· Uncontrolled thyroid disease.

· Other serious cardiovascular, respiratory, or systemic diseases.

· Recurrent pregnancy loss.

· Gestational hypertension.

· A history of spontaneous preterm birth.

· Mild/moderate cardiovascular or respiratory disease.

· Symptomatic anemia.

· Malnutrition.

· An eating disorder.

· Twin pregnancy after 28 weeks.

· Other significant medical conditions.