Males (n = 77)

Females (n = 49)

p^*

Wakayama Smartphone-Dependence Scale (WSDS)

Subscale 1

5.6 ± 3.8

5.8 ± 4.0

0.82

Subscale 2

10.0 ± 4.0

8.8 ± 3.8

0.09

Subscale 3

14.8 ± 3.6

13.0 ± 3.4

<0.01

Total

30.5 ± 8.5

27.6 ± 9.4

0.08

Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)

45.8 ± 6.5

49.7 ± 9.9

<0.05