Renal involvement | Prevlance | Clinical features | Histopathological features |
Renal vein thrombosis | Not recorded | Proteinuria, hematuria, nephrotic syndrome | Thrombosis |
Renal artery stenosis/thrombosis | Rare | Hypertension, reduced glomerular filtration rate | Stenosis, more distal than proximal |
Primary APS nephropathy
| Variable | Hypertension, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate | Thrombotic microangiopathy, fibrous intimal hyperplasia, membranous glomerulopathy, immune complexes and crescent formation |
APS nephropathy and SLE | 56% - 67% | Hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate | Thrombotic microangiopathy, fibrous intimal hyperplasia, membranous glomerulopathy, immune complexes and crescent formation |
Catastrophic APS and the kidney | > 50% | Hypertension, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate | Acute: thrombotic microangiopathy Chronic: fibrous intimal hyperplasia, focal cortical atrophy |
CKD and renal transplant | Rare | Reduced glomerular filtration rate, early graft loss | Thrombosis |