| Nail changes | No. of subjects | Chi-Square | P-value | |||||
Study group | Control | ||||||||
Male No. & % | Female No. & % | Total No. & % | Male No. & % | Female No. & % | Total No. & % | ||||
1 | Dull opaque | 43(86%) | 42(84%) | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 144.8 | 0.000 |
2 | Rough lusterless | 44(88%) | 40(80%) | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 144.8 | 0.000 |
3 | Longitudinal ridging | 43(86%) | 28(56%) | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 107.6 | 0.000 |
4 | Altered thickness | 14(28%) | 16(32%) | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35.2 | 0.000 |
5 | Ragged cuticle | 18(36%) | 12(24%) | 30 | 2(4%) | 0 | 2 | 29 | 0.000 |
6 | Altered contour | 8(16%) | 20(40%) | 28 | 0 | 2(4%) | 2 | 26.5 | 0.000 |
7 | Subungual hyperkeratosis | 12(24%) | 9(18%) | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 | 0.000 |
8 | Scaling nail folds | 4(8%) | 8(16%) | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.7 | 0.000 |
9 | Onychoschizia | 4(8%) | 4(8%) | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.3 | 0.004 |
10 | Brittle nails | 4(8%) | 4(8%) | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.3 | 0.004 |
11 | Onychomycosis | 0 | 5(10%) | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.1 | 0.013 |
12 | Shiny nails | 4(8%) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.043 |
13 | Normal nails | 2(4%) | 0 | 2 | 44(88%) | 24(48%) | 68 | 95.7 | 0.000 |
14 | Pitting | 6(12%) | 2(4%) | 8 | 0 | 2(4%) | 2 | 3.7 | 0.052 |
15 | Onychlysis | 4(8%) | 4(8%) | 8 | 0 | 2(4%) | 2 | 3.7 | 0.052 |
16 | Splinter hemorrhage | 4(8%) | 0 | 4 | 2(4%) | 0 | 2 | 0.687 | 0.407 |
17 | Beau’s lines | 2(4%) | 2(4%) | 4 | 0 | 4(8%) | 4 | 0 | 1.000 |
18 | Chromonychia | 6(12%) | 8(16%) | 14 | 8(16%) | 8(16%) | 16 | 0.157 | 0.692 |
19 | Subungual hematoma | 4(8%) | 0 | 4 | 2(4%) | 0 | 2 | 0.687 | 0.407 |
20 | Paronychia | 0 | 3(6%) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.02 | 0.155 |
21 | Trachyonychia | 0 | 2(4%) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.02 | 0.155 |
22 | Longitudinal Splitting | 2(4%) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.02 | 0.155 |
| Others |
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23 | Congenital malalignment big toenail | 0 | 1(2%) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.02 | 0.155 |
Glomus tumor | 1(2%) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.02 | 0.155 | |
Ingrowing nail | 0 | 2(4%) | 2 | 0 | 4(8%) | 4 | 0.687 | 0.407 |