Motivation | Literature |
Challenge, achievement, and competition | Deci and Ryan (1985) [23] ; Lucas and Sherry (2004) [27] ; Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Li and Counts (2007) [29] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Frostling-Henningsson (2009) [31] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32] |
Socialization, social interaction, and sense of belonging | Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Lin and Lin (2011) [33] ; Lin, Chen, and Kuo (2011) [34] |
Excitement and arousal | Lucas and Sherry (2004) [24] |
Escapism, kill time, and freedom in virtual world | Yee (2006) [28] ; Ryan, Rigby, and Przybylski (2006) [24] ; Chou and Tsai (2007) [35] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Mintel (2009) [36] ; Frostling-Henningsson (2009) [31] |
Immersion (discovery, role playing, customization) | Paras and Bizzochi (2005) [37] ; Yee (2006) [28] ; Tychsen, Hitchens, and Brolund (2008) [30] ; Carrigy, Naliuka, Paterson, and Haahr (2010) [38] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32] |
Flow, positive emotions, perceived usefulness, and fantasy | Paras and Bizzochi (2005) [37] ; Zhou (2012) [39] ; Engl and Nacke (2012) [32] ; Huang, Backman, Backman, and Moore (2013) [40] |