Countries

Starters

Years

Participation rate of population

Promising profit

Albania

Sejdia (Largest: Xhaferri, Populli, VEFA Holdings-most depositors)-25 operators

1991-1997

57%

up to 40%/month

Romania

Caritas

1990-1994

13.2%

800% -3 months

Russia

Mavrodi (MMM)

1989-1995

6.7% - 10%

20% - 100%/month (1000%- annual)

USA

Madoff

1992-2008

0.0016%

10% - 12% consistently each year