Country | Tested CA option | Response compared to farmers’ practice | Source |
Bangladesh | Zero tillage (ZT), crop rotation with mungbean (CRM) | Increase of rice yields and net returns | [130] |
| Strip tillage, CRM, partial residue retention (PRR) | Lower production costs due to strip cropping; better prices for wheat and mungbean improved farm economy | [131] |
| ZT, CRM and Sesbania sp., residue retention (RR), green manure | Soil organic carbon (SOC) increases under zero tillage, when residue were retained; improved water infiltration; higher water availability; decreased soil strength and bulk density; improved grain yields | [132] |
India | No tillage, mungbean, residue management | Increase of wheat and rice yields; higher net returns | [122] |
| ZT, permanent bed (PB), legume-based crop rotations with mungbean, crop diversification | Lower production costs, improved water and energy efficiency; crop yield increase | [123] |
| ZT, PB, legume-based crop rotations with mungbean | Positive yield responses of maize; improved energy efficiency | [124] |
| ZT, PB, RR, precise irrigation | Decreased water use; higher water and crop productivity | [125] |
| ZT, Sesbania sp., brown manuring, relay cropping with mungbean, RR | Increase of stable and labile SOC fractions; no effects on soil mineral N, but on soil microbial mass | [126] |
| Partial tillage and ZT in CRM, crop diversification | Improved soil properties and nutrient availability; potential to reduce external fertilizer inputs in the long run | [127] |
| PB, RR, CRM, site specific nutrient management (SSNM) | Positive effects of CA, SSNW and mungbean integration on water use efficiency and crop productivity | [133] |
| ZT, PB, CRM, SSNM | Higher system productivity, water use efficiency, and incident radiation conversation efficiency | [128] |
Pakistan | Minimum tillage (MT), green manure, CRM and chickpea | Legume-based cropping sequences are sustainable and cost-effective practice in drylands | [129] |