| Monologic | Dialogic |
Bakhtin (1986) | Utterance as “authoritative” (meaning is fixed) | Utterance as “internally persuasive” (meaning is negotiable) |
| Text as transmission or “monologic” device (function: creates common memory for group) | Text as “thinking device” (function: generates new meanings) |
| Cultural practices function as social transmission (ratchet effect, so cultural learning is maintained) | Cultural practices function to support creative invention |