| Cigarette smoking n = 250 | Waterpipe smoking n = 249 | ||||||||
Variable | Non- smokers n = 217 (86.8%) | Former smokers n = 7 (2.8%) | Current smokers n = 33 (13.2%) | Total | p values | Non- smokers n = 214 (85.9%) | Former smokers n = 4 (1.6%) | Current smokers n = 35 (14.1%) | Total | p values |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| |
Age | ||||||||||
18 - 25 | 28 (90.3) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (6.5) | 31 (13.5) | 0.2696 | 27 (87.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (12.9) | 31 (13.6) | 0.5303 |
26 - 39 | 61 (89.7) | 1 (1.5) | 6 (8.8) | 68 (29.7) | 55 (80.9) | 0 (0) | 13 (19.1) | 68 (29.8) | ||
40+ | 103 (79.2) | 4 (3.1) | 23 (17.7) | 130 (56.8) | 110 (85.3) | 3 (2.3) | 16 (12.4) | 129 (56.6) | ||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 28 (46.7) | 5 (8.3) | 27 (45.0) | 60 (24.0) | <0.0001 | 47 (78.3) | 3 (5.0) | 10 (16.7) | 60 (24.1) | 0.0489 |
Female | 182 (95.8) | 2 (1.1) | 6 (3.2) | 190 (76.0) | 163 (86.2) | 1 (0.53) | 25 (13.2) | 189 (75.9) | ||
Education | ||||||||||
High school or less | 69 (75.8) | 3 (3.3) | 19 (20.9) | 91 (37.0) | 0.0234 | 78 (85.7) | 1 (1.1) | 12 (13.2) | 91 (37.1) | 0.8355 |
College | 98 (85.2) | 4 (3.5) | 13 (11.3) | 115 (46.7) | 94 (82.5) | 2 (1.8) | 18 (15.8) | 114 (46.5) | ||
Graduate study | 39 (97.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.5) | 40 (16.3) | 35 (87.5) | 1 (2.5) | 4 (10.0) | 40 (16.3) | ||
Relationship status | ||||||||||
Single | 37 (86.1) | 1 (2.3) | 5 (11.6) | 43 (17.7) | 0.9790 | 34 (79.1) | 0 (0) | 9 (20.9) | 43 (17.8) | 0.6067 |
Married | 149 (82.3) | 6 (3.3) | 26 (14.4) | 181 (74.5) | 153 (85.0) | 4 (2.2) | 23 (12.8) | 180 (74.4) | ||
Separate/widow/ Divorce | 17 (89.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 19 (7.8) | 16 (84.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 19 (7.9) | ||
Income | ||||||||||
$25,000 or less | 99 (80.5) | 4 (3.3) | 20 (16.3) | 123 (53.0) | 0.0405 | 109 (88.6) | 1 (0.8) | 13 (10.6) | 123 (53.2) | 0.1349 |
$25,001 - 50,000 | 21 (72.4) | 0 (0) | 8 (27.6) | 29 (12.5) | 21 (72.4) | 1 (3.5) | 7 (24.1) | 29 (12.6) | ||
$50,001+ | 72 (90.0) | 3 (3.8) | 5 (6.3) | 80 (34.5) | 64 (81.0) | 2 (2.5) | 13 (16.5) | 79 (34.2) | ||
Immigration status | ||||||||||
Refugee | 84 (78.5) | 4 (3.7) | 19 (17.8) | 107 (42.8) | 0.1139 | 92 (86.0) | 1 (0.9) | 14 (13.1) | 107 (43.0) | 0.7568 |
Immigrant | 126 (88.1) | 3 (2.1) | 14 (9.8) | 143 (57.2) | 118 (83.1) | 3 (2.1) | 21 (14.8) | 142 (57.0) | ||
Employment | ||||||||||
No | 129 (87.8) | 2 (1.4) | 16 (10.9) | 147 (59.3) | 0.1657 | 122 (83.0) | 0 (0) | 25 (17.0) | 147 (59.5) | 0.0163 |
Yes | 80 (79.2) | 4 (4.0) | 17 (16.8) | 101 (40.7) | 86 (86.0) | 4 (4.0) | 10 (10.0) | 100 (40.5) | ||
Health insurance | ||||||||||
No | 31 (83.8) | 0 (0) | 6 (16.2) | 37 (15.2) | 0.4769 | 35 (94.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.4) | 37 (15.3) | 0.2462 |
Yes | 172 (83.5) | 7 (3.4) | 27 (13.1) | 206 (84.8) | 170 (82.9) | 4 (2.0) | 31 (15.1) | 205 (84.7) | ||
Health status | ||||||||||
No Chronic disease | 138 (82.1) | 6 (3.6) | 24 (14.3) | 168 (67.2) | 0.4156 | 140 (83.8) | 3 (1.8) | 24 (14.4) | 167 (67.1) | 0.7923 |
Chronic disease | 72 (87.8) | 1 (1.2) | 9 (11.0) | 82 (32.8) | 70 (85.4) | 1 (1.2) | 11 (13.4) | 82 (32.9) | ||
Perceived stress | ||||||||||
Low | 56 (84.9) | 1 (1.5) | 9 (13.6) | 66 (28.2) | 0.8874 | 56 (84.9) | 2 (3.0) | 8 (12.2) | 66 (28.2) | 0.5354 |
Moderate to high | 143 (85.1) | 5 (3.0) | 20 (11.9) | 168 (71.8) | 142 (84.5) | 2 (1.2) | 24 (14.3) | 168 (71.8) |