Period

Scale effects

Elasticity

of cost w.r.t. output

The dual measure of TFPG

Returns to scale

Economies of scale

1961-70

0.041

0.230

−0.021

4.356

0.770

1971-80

0.051

0.231

−0.023

4.324

0.769

1981-90

0.022

0.245

−0.023

4.087

0.755

1991-00

0.024

0.292

−0.024

3.422

0.708

1961-00

0.034

0.249

−0.023

4.017

0.751