Latent

variables

Number

Risk types

Resource

Financial deficit

CZ1

1. Capital shortage of initial project.

Long et al. (2004), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

CZ2

2. Difficult turnover capital.

Alaghbari et al. (2007)

CZ3

3. Total investment amount is large.

Alzahrani & Emsley (2013)

CZ4

4. Project loan is difficult.

Alzahrani & Emsley (2013), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009), Fugar & Agyakwah-Baah (2010)

Slow payment

ZF1

1. The owner payment is slow.

Le-Hoai et al. (2008), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009), Fugar & Agyakwah-Baah (2010)

ZF2

2. Settlement work of contractor to subcontractor is slow.

Long et al. (2004), Le-Hoai et al. (2008)

ZF3

3. Settlement procedures of completed work are complex.

Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

ZF4

4. Acceptance supervision of completed work is too slowly.

Long et al. (2004), Enshassi A. et al. (2010)

ZF5

5. The owner, contractor and supervision have interest contradiction.

Long et al. (2004), Alzahrani & Emsley (2013), Enshassi A. et al. (2010)

ZF6

6. The increased workload settlement is contradicted.

Abdul-Rahman (2009)

ZF7

7. File management of settlement amount is improper.

Long et al. (2004), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

Fiscal mismanagement

CZM1

1. Funds allocation of owner used is not reasonable.

Long et al. (2004), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

CZM2

2. Owners lack of cash flow forecast of management project.

Alzahrani & Emsley (2013)

CZM3

3. The contractor’s financial difficulties and mismanagement.

Long et al. (2004), Alzahrani & Emsley (2013), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009) et al.

CZM4

4. The contractor’s loans difficulty.

Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009) et al.

CZM5

5. Tender offer is low.

Long et al. (2004), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

CZM6

6. The project corruption, such as bribes and kickbacks.

Long et al. (2004), Enshassi A et al. (2010)

CZM7

7. The contractor contracts projects too much at the same time.

Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

Financial market changes

JRSC1

1. Prices of construction materials

Long et al. (2004), Thi & Swierczek (2010), Fugar & Agyakwah-Baah (2010)

JRSC2

2. Appreciation of exchange rate

Long et al. (2004), Thi & Swierczek (2010), Abdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

JRSC3

3. Increasing of loan interest rate

Thi & Swierczek (2010), bdul-Rahman et al. (2009)

Imperfect construction of policies and regulations

ZC1

1. Investment policy of infrastructure construction changes

Odeh & Battaineh (2002), Thi & Swierczek (2010)

ZC2

2. Bidding management policy is not perfect.

Long et al. (2004), Thi & Swierczek (2010)

ZC3

3. Tax policy is not stable.

Long et al. (2004), Thi & Swierczek (2010)

ZC4

4. Land expropriation policy changes.

Thi & Swierczek (2010)

ZC5

5. Wage policy is not stable.

Thi & Swierczek (2010)