Method

Level

1st Difference

Statistic

P-value**

Statistic

P-value**

Levin, Lin & Chu

−1.27887

0.1005

−28.1241

0.0000

Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat

−0.18593

0.4262

−25.6146

0.0000

ADF-Fisher Chi-square

3.19960

0.5250

290.269

0.0000

PP-Fisher Chi-square

2.69578

0.6100

284.549

0.0000