| Disturbance characteristics | Habitat types | ||
| Roadsides (n = 12) | Natural areas (n = 12) | Abandoned plots (n = 12) | |
| Vehicular | |||
| Dust deposition | Yes | No | No |
| Automobile waste | Yes | No | No |
| Anthropogenic | |||
| Road construction material | Yes | No | No |
| Construction debris | No | Yes | No |
| Plastic wastes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Human trampling | No | Yes | No |
| Bio-excreta | No | Yes | Yes |