Variable

Level

First difference

df

Inverse

chi-squared

p-value

df

Inverse

Chi-squared

p-value

Poverty rate

6

0.7908

0.9923

6

16.663*

0.011

poverty gap

6

2.6923

0.8464

6

24.044***

0.001

food insecurity

6

21.816***

0.0013

6

10.637*

0.100

Access to electricity

6

6.8518

0.3348

6

29.855***

0.000

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking

6

37.667***

0.0000

6

11.587*

0.072

Improved water access

6

73.669***

0.0000

6

11.271*

0.080

Population growth

6

9.9203

0.1280

6

16.932**

0.010