Variable

Level

First difference

df

Inverse

chi-squared

p-value

df

Inverse

Chi-squared

p-value

Poverty rate

6

5.172

0.522

26.109***

0.0002

poverty gap

6

6.821

0.338

6

23.766***

0.0006

food insecurity

6

21.878***

0.001

6

10.979*

0.0890

Access to electricity

6

12.665*

0.049

6

43.934***

0.0000

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking

6

42.113***

0.000

6

23.078***

0.0008

Improved water access

6

38.876

0.000

6

16.634**

0.0107

Population growth

6

8.797

0.185

6

11.351*

0.0781