Western companies

Vietnamese companies

Western employers

(n = 47)

Vietnamese employees

(n = 47)

Vietnamese employers

(n = 38)

Vietnamese employees

(n = 32)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Work-related values

Being on time in a direct way

4.59 (0.31)

3.50 (0.28)

4.30 (0.36)

3.55 (0.26)

Being on time with a condition

3.48 (0.54)

2.96 (0.28)

2.93 (0.47)

2.99 (0.40)

Taking part in decision-making

4.06 (0.28)

3.40 (0.46)

3.93 (0.36)

3.25 (0.46)

Open relationship

4.20 (0.21)

3.74 (0.27)

4.12 (0.29)

3.71 (0.29)

Accountability

4.11 (0.43)

3.35 (0.30)

4.04 (0.47)

3.37 (0.35)

Face concern*

3.91 (0.49)

2.99 (0.35)

3.15 (0.49)

2.88 (0.22)

Work-performance orientation

4.22 (0.29)

3.87 (0.32)

4.19 (0.35)

3.76 (0.37)