PARR stages | Learning techniques | Learner’s roles | Teacher’s roles | Teaching activities | Learning activities | Types of interaction |
Pro-acting- engagement | - Search - Emerge | Information seeker and navigator | Information distributor and facilitator | e-lectures, e-stories, audio and visual aids and demos based teaching, distant teaching and learning conversation, e-tutorials | Out-of-class activities: Observation, watching, reading, summarizing, note-taking, mind mapping, making percept graph (what, who, when, where, how, and why) about course content soft and hard materials | - Leaner-interface interaction - Learners-content interaction - Learner-support interaction - Learner-instructor interaction |
Acting- engagement | - Present - Share | Knowledge generator | Knowledge mediator | Face-to-face lectures, teaching and learning conference, lab-based activities, role play, brain storming, collaborative teaching | In-class-activities: Presentations, asking questions, notation, compare, experimental data interpretation, and lab report write-up, group-based learning activities (collaborative learning) well-structured problem solving | - Learner-learner interaction - Learner-instructor interaction |
Reflecting- engagement | - Connect - Elaborate | Cognition builder and creator | Cognition activator, and Cognition Coach | Cognitive-guided instruction, cognitive coaching, case study, brain storming, focus group technique, triangulation teaching, teaching and learning conference | In-class and out-of-class activities: Data interpretation, parallel problem solving, report writing, learn to graph and tabulate data, case evaluation | - Learner-learner interaction - Learner-instructor interaction - Learner-expert interaction - Learners-learners interaction |
Re-acting- engagement | - Model - Transform | Cognition distributor and manager | Cognition maintainer | Games and simulation, intelligent tutoring systems, online debate, what is the big idea activities | Out-of-class activities: Prepare oral presentations, prepare project report, solving other students’ problems, answering other students’ questions, adding new learning materials to the course website, evaluating other courses’ e-materials based on personal-made criteria | - Learner-context interaction |