Strategy | Definition | Example |
Direct transfer | The translation directly transfers the form and function of its corresponding item in the ST | ST: On all the continents the habitat type known as tropical rain forest is confined to within about 10 degrees latitude of the equator, … TT: 在各个大陆上,被称为热带雨林型的动植物生境都在赤道以南和赤道以北大约10度之内…… |
Indirect transfer | The translation transfers the function of its corresponding item in the ST, but in different form | ST: By around 5000 years ago, pollen analyses testify to widespread deforestation of highland valleys, suggesting forest clearance for agriculture. TT: 孢粉分析的结果显示,距今至少5000年前,高地河谷中发生过大规模的伐木活动,可能是为了开垦农地。 |
Omitted | The translation omits both the form and function of the corresponding item, but transfers other structures in the ST | ST: However, it is uncertain when, between about 14,000 and 35,000 years ago, the Americas were first colonized. TT: 不过,人类什么时候开始定居美洲尚不清楚,只知道是在3.5万~1.4万年前。 |
Modified | The hedge in the ST is translated as a non-hedge in the TT, but other structures are maintained | ST: Archaeologists exploring Madagascar have now proved that Austronesians had arrived at least by A.D. 800, … TT: 考古学家在马达加斯加岛的发掘,证明南岛语族最晚在公元800年已经到达了,…… |
Paraphrase | The translation omits both the form and function of the corresponding item, and paraphrases other structures in the ST | ST: Each murder in band and tribal societies usually leads to an attempted revenge killing, starting one more unending cycle of murder and counter murder that destabilizes the society. TT: 在血债血偿的恶性循环下,整个社会动荡不安,充满血腥与暴力。 |