Condition

Reference

Prolonged rupture of the membranes

[49]

Excessive uterine stimulation

[87]

Pushing without descent

[14]

Dysfunctional labor patterns

[15]

Malpositions (esp. OP, asynclitism)

[58]

Operative vaginal delivery (esp. from midcavity)

[1] [14]

Large head circumference

[12]