Line of vision

Establishing eye contact.

Demonstrating a sincere attitude.

Not staring, but looking comfortingly.

Calming oneself and comforting with the eyes in difficult situations.

Posture

Avoiding fidgeting or other signs of nervousness.

Maintaining posture, ex) crossing the legs may give the impression of rudeness.

Leaning forward a little.

Creating an atmosphere that matches the speaker’s tone and rhythm.

Voice

His/her voice is loud enough to reach the speaker.

Appropriate tone and speed of speech.

Using a silky, comforting voice.

Being aware of one’s vocal volume while talking.

Back-channel feedback

Using listening sounds such as “Fu-un” and “He-.”

With the listener’s feedback, the speaker perceives that they are being listened to.

Nodding timely, without interrupting the flow.

Nodding appropriately, not monotonously.

Repetition

Repeating words the speaker used.

Confirming the speaker’s point.

Through repetition, s/he helps the speaker to organize his/her thoughts and to realize his/her own feelings.

S/he gives respect to the words of speakers, ex) s/he does not change the wording used too often.

Summarizing

Talk simply about what s/he understood.

What s/he understood follows the speaker’s intent.

His/her feedback contains his/her feelings.

S/he starts the summary in a natural way.

Questioning

S/he does not interrupt the speaker in wording or timing when asking a question.

Timing question so that the speaker feels comfortable to continue.

Use both closed and open questions properly.

Questions are not egocentric.