Panel unit root tests (Unbalanced set)―levels

Variable

Tests

LLC

Breitung-t

IPS-W

ADF

PP

Stat

Prob

Stat

Prob

Stat

Prob

Stat

Prob

Stat

Prob

limp_f

Individual

effects

0.96

0.83

4.09

1.00

8.52

(chi-square)

1.00

23.25

(chi-square)

0.97

Individual

linear trend

−2.44^***

0.007

−2.428^***

0.008

−1.17

0.12

45.31

(chi-square)

0.19

104.05^***

(chi-square)

0.00

Lgdpcap

Individual

effects

1.26

0.90

4.56

1.00

7.73

(chi-square)

1.00

10.36

(chi-square)

1.00

Individual

linear trend

−1.94^**

0.03

−2.12^**

0.02

−1.32^*

0.09

43.42

(chi-square)

0.25

21.57

(chi-square)

0.99

Linv

Individual

effects

2.13

0.98

5.85

1.00

5.54

(chi-square)

1.00

8.81

(chi-square)

1.00

Individual

linear trend

0.24

0.59

0.99

0.84

1.39

0.92

24.02

(chi-square)

0.96

29.23

(chi-square)

0.0.84

Ltcer

Individual

effects

−2.83^***

0.00

−0.91

0.18

37.71

0.48

31.43

0.76

Individual

linear trend

−0.12

0.45

−1.61^*

0.05

2.36

0.99

16.36

(chi-square)

1.00

13.39

(chi-square)

1.00

Lurbpop

Individual

effects

−2.05^**

0.02

8.07

1.00

32.31^***

(chi-square)

0.72

81.92^***

(chi-square)

0.00

Individual

linear trend

−0.59

0.27

0.19

0.58

2.49

0.99

36.54

(chi-square)

0.53

86.02^***

(chi-square)

0.00