| Health characteristics | Total (n = 125) | Group participants (n = 65) | Non-participants (n = 60) | Test | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value α | p-value β | |
| Presence of chronic disease |
|
|
|
| <0.001** |
| Yes | 78 (62.4) | 31 (47.7) | 48 (80.0) |
|
|
| No | 47 (37.6) | 34 (52.3) | 12 (20.0) |
|
|
| Number of chronic diseases |
|
|
| <0.001** |
|
| No chronic disease | 46 (36.8) | 34 (52.3) | 12 (20.0) |
|
|
| One chronic disease | 40 (32.0) | 15 (23.1) | 25 (41.7) |
|
|
| Two chronic diseases | 30 (24.0) | 16 (24.6) | 14 (23.3) |
|
|
| Three chronic diseases | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 5 (8.3) |
|
|
| Three or more chronic diseases | 4 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 4 (6.7) |
|
|
| Types of chronic disease |
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypertension | 54 (43.2) | 21 (32.3) | 33 (55.0) |
| 0.011* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 (13.6) | 9 (13.8) | 8 (13.3) |
| 0.933 |
| Coronary heart disease | 9 (7.2) | 2 (3.1) | 7 (11.7) |
| 0.063 |
| Eye disorders | 5 (4.0) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (5.0) |
| 0.584 |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 20 (16.0) | 7 (10.8) | 13 (21.7) |
| 0.097 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 6 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.0) |
| 0.009* |
| Thyroid disorders | 3 (2.4) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.512 |
| Ear, nose and throat diseases | 3 (2.4) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.512 |
| Respiratory diseases | 3 (2.4) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.512 |
| Osteoporosis | 2 (1.6) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) |
| 0.954 |
| Depression | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.138 |
| History of stroke | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| 0.335 |
| Sleep disorders | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.138 |
| History of cancer | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) |
| 0.296 |
| Epilepsy | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) |
| 0.138 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| 0.335 |
| Receiving medical appointments and long-term medication |
|
| <0.001** |
|
|
| Yes | 78 (62.4) | 30 (46.2) | 48 (80.0) |
|
|
| No | 47 (37.6) | 35 (53.8) | 12 (20.0) |
|
|
| Presence of pain |
|
|
|
| 0.354 |
| Yes | 53 (42.4) | 25 (38.5) | 28 (46.7) |
|
|
| No | 72 (27.6) | 40 (61.5) | 32 (53.3) |
|
|
|
| Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. |
|
|
| Pain intensity (scale: 0 - 10) | 2.294 ± 3.233 | 1.846 ± 2.863 | 2.780 ± 3.551 | 0.120 |
|
| Fat percentage (%) | 30.402 ± 6.359 | 28.849 ± 6.256 | 32.085 ± 6.082 | 0.005* |
|
| Timed up-and-go (seconds) | 9.581 ± 3.584 | 8.842 ± 2.690 | 10.382 ± 4.229 | 0.049* |
|
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.576 ± 5.478 | 23.789 ± 2.621 | 27.511 ± 6.950 | 0.021* |
|
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.848 ± 16.462 | 127.292 ± 15.279 | 130.533 ± 17.628 | 0.370 |
|
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.920 ± 11.201 | 77.354 ± 11.284 | 70.200 ± 9.925 | <0.001** |
|