Fracture type simulated

Method of creation of simulated fracture

Loading protocol

CLS (in N∙mm⁻¹) and

P_f (in N)

Ref. #

Dorsal wedge fracture

10-mm dorsal wedge osteotomy centered 20 mm proximal to the volar articular margin of the lunate fossa

10 N pre-load, followed by compressive force, at 1 N∙s⁻¹, from 20 N to 100 N; then, load, at 1 mm∙min⁻¹, to failure

ICLS = 935 ± 172^a

FCLS = 755 ± 204^a

P_f = 430 − 550^a

Sokol et al. [24]

Dorsal comminuted fracture

10-mm dorsal osteotomy at “an identical distance”, from the distal dorsal tip of the radius

10 N pre-load, then loaded,

at 2 N∙s⁻¹, to 100 N (phase 1), or to 200 N (phase 2), or to 300 N (phase 3). After each phase, cyclically load (R^c = 10; 2 Hz for 2.000 cycles for a total of 6.000 cycles. Then, loaded, at 2 N∙s⁻¹, to failure

ICLS = 140-470^b

Dahl et al. [25]

AO type C2 fracture

10-mm dorsal wedge centered 20 mm from the articular margin of the distal radius

Pre-load of up to 100 N, then cyclically loaded, at 1 Hz, between 50 N and 100 N, for 2,000 cycles. Then, loaded to failure

ICLS = 129-994^d

FCLS = 33-143^d

P_f = 329-1517^d

Drobetz et al. [26]