Symbol

Gene Name

Gene Function

Microarray Fold Change

p-Value

FBP1

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1

Gluconeogenesis regulatory enzyme, catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. upregulation of FBPase in pancreatic islet beta-cells, as occurs in states of lipid oversupply and type 2 diabetes, contributes to insulin secretory dysfunction.

+1.72

2.32E−03

GFPT2

glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2

Controls the flux of glucose into the hexosamine pathway. Regulates availability of precursors for glycosylation of proteins. Increased GFAT activity appears to be associated with insulin resistance, postprandial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in T2DM.

+3.47

1.68E−05

GBE1

glucan (1,4-alpha-), branching enzyme 1

Required for sufficient glycogen accumulation. The alpha 1 - 6 branches of glycogen play an important role in increasing the solubility of the molecule and, consequently, in reducing the osmotic pressure within cells.

−4.27

0.000493696

LIPE

Lipase, hormone-sensitive

In adipose tissue, it hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids. Rate-limiting enzyme responsible for triglyceride breakdown. Decreased in IR and obese states

−2.36

7.33E−04

SORBS1

sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1

Required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport.

−2.20

2.34E−04

IRS1

Insulin receptor substrate 1

Mediates cellular processes of insulin. Mutations associated with type II diabetes and insulin resistance.

−1.78

1.46E−05

ADIPOQ

Adiponectin

Important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway.

−1.67

3.98E−02

PFKFB3

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3

Catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), which is a powerful activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis. Induced by insulin in adipose tissue.

−1.67

0.0053397

ME1

Malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic

Reversible oxidative decarboxylation of malate, links the glycolytic and citric acid cycle.

−1.64

0.00107314

IDH1

Isocitratedehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble

Catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. Significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production.

−1.63

0.000787487

ACSS2

acyl-CoAsynthetase short-chain family member 2

Catalyzes the activation of acetate for use in lipid synthesis and energy generation

−1.60

0.000415893

PFKFB1

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1

Activates glycolysis & inhibits gluconeogenesis. Regulate glucose homeostasis.

−1.51

0.0133634