| Variables | Data Source | Icon | Definition and method of measurement |
| Independent variables: |
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| Economic diversification | International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Diver | This variable was measured using the Export Diversification Index. |
| Entrepreneurship | World Bank | Enter | This variable was measured by the index of incorporation of limited liability companies. |
| General Corporate Governance: |
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| Rule of law | World Bank | PG4 | This variable reflects the extent to which society rules are adhered to, especially the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, and courts. |
| Anti-Corruption | World Bank | PG1 | This variable embodies the extent of combating corruption in the state, preventing the exploitation of public office for private gain, and the state’s control over stakeholders and influential people. |
| Effectiveness of government performance | World Bank | PG2 | This index captures the quality of public services, the quality of civil services and their independence from political pressures, and the quality of public policy formulation and implementation. |
| Systems Quality | World Bank | PG5 | This variable reflects the government’s ability to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that will encourage private sector activity. |
| Public Governance Index | Researcher |
| This variable was measured by the average of the previous four indicators of general corporate governance. |
| Women’s Empowerment | Human Rights Project |
| This variable was measured using the Empowerment Index and the Women’s Economic Empowerment Index. |
| Key variables in the economic growth model: |
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| Work | National statistics | Labor | The labor force in the Gulf during the study period. |
| Capital accumulation | National statistics | Capital | Capital stock in the Gulf during the study period. |
| Oil Barrel Price | World Bank | Oil | The price of a barrel of oil “Texas” “West texas” was used. |
| Country | Researcher | Country | The number (1) is given to the data of a specific country from the six Gulf countries, the rest is given (0), and so on to the rest of the countries. |
| Dependent variable: |
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| Economic growth | World Bank | EconGrowth | The GDP growth rate in the Gulf countries was used during the study period. |