Exposure

Control (n = 492)

Cases (n = 246)

OR

p-value

Size of baby at birth

Smaller than average

12.2

20.3

2.5 (1.5 - 4.1)

<0.001

Average

84.1

67.9

1

Larger than average

3.5

11.8

4.1 (2.0 - 8.3)

<0.001

Failure to develop spontaneous breathing

6.9

70.6

38.4 (18.9 - 78.1)

<0.001

Color of the baby turned blue after 5 minutes of birth

2.3

67.2

301 (42 - 2147)

<0.001

Difficult breathing after birth

9.8

81.6

79 (29 - 214)

<0.001

Chest in drawing after birth

9.1

17.9

2.3 (1.5 - 3.8)

<0.001

Nostrils flare with breathing

38.2

27.4

0.4 (0.3 - 0.7)

<0.001