| West | ||
| Time-period | Author | Image |
| 5th century BCE to 4th Century CE | Plato | To arouse the soul, “God does Geometry”, as Eternal Truth, a priori reasoning |
| 5th century CE | Theon and his daughter Hypatia and Proclus | Essential to a “blessed life” |
| 5th century CE to Crusade |
| “Anathemas against pre-existence” |
| Post-Crusade to 1900 | Descartes | “Reasoning and proof” to align with post-crusade Christian theology of reason”, Deductive proofs |
| Newton | “Mathematics as the perfect language in which God had written the laws of nature” | |
| Gauss | “God does Arithmetic”, still metaphysics | |
| 1900-1950 | Hilbert | Failed Attempt to replace Eternal truth by consistency, formalism |
| 1950-Present |
| It is still metaphysical |