| 2 | Kennedy et al. [63] Year: 2013 Country: Vanuatu Type of study: Descriptive qualitative Study | Participants: adolescents, policy makers and service providers) Number: 341 Male: 169 Female: 172 Age: 15 - 19 years | Data collection tools: Focus group discussion, semi-structured interview Sampling methods: Purposive sample Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Age
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| 3 | Han, [64] Year: 2009 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Gay, bisexual and queer Asian Pacific Islander men Number: 15 Male: 15 Age: 18 to 50+ years | Data collection tools: Focus group discussion, in-depth interview Sampling methods: Convenience sampling Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Gender ・ Ethnicity |
| 4 | DiStefano et al. [65] Year: 2012 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive qualitative study | Participants: Young adults, children, community leaders, health providers Number: 95 Female: Unknown Male: Unknown Age: 11 - 29 years | Data collection: Focus group discussion, interviews Sampling methods: Purposive sampling Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Age |
| 5 | Linh et al. [66] Year: 2015 Country: Vietnam Type of study: Case study design | Participants: Government, academia, hospitals and civil society Number: 20 Female: Unknown Male: Unknown Age: Unknown | Data collection: In-depth interview Sampling methods: Snowball sampling Place: Population-based | Determinants ・ Ethnicity
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| 6 | Wilson and Yoshikawa, [67] Year:2004 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Asian and Pacific Islander gay men Number: 23 Male: 23 Age: 23 - 46 years Mean age: 32 years | Data collection: In-depth interview, observation Sampling method: Purposive sampling Place: Community-based | Determinants ・ Gender (experiences & responses discrimination) |
| 7 | Smith et al. [68] Year: 2003 Country: Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, PNG, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Adult population with HIV Number: 150 Male: Unknown Female: Unknown Age: Unknown | Data collection: Questionnaires, interview Sampling method: Snowball sample Place: Population-based | Determinants (services) ・ Ethnicity ・ Sexual practices ・ Education |
| 8 | Reidpath and Chan, [69] Year: 2005 Country: China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: 6 countries Number: Unknown Male: Unknown Female: Unknown Age: Unknown | Data collection: Interview, focus group discussion Sampling method: Convenience sample Place: Population-based | Determinants ・ Culture (interpersonal interaction (practice)
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| 9 | Nemoto et al. [70] Year: 2003 Country: United States Type of study: Descriptive study | Participants: Young adults MSM Number: 38 Male: 38 Age: 18 - 50 [average age―39.4 years]
| Data collection: Focus group discussion Sampling method: Convenience sample Place: Community-based
| Determinants (risk behaviour) ・ Gender ・ Psychological ・ Social ・ Cultural Risk factors ・ Psychosocial risk ・ Behavioural risk |