Cupcake formulas

Substitution level (%)

Properties

Weight (g)

Volume (cm3)

Specific volume (cm3∙g−1)

WF

0

41.29 ± 0.47a

108.00 ± 1.00e

2.62 ± 0.01d

WF-PPH

5

41.57 ± 0.82b

93.83 ± 4.48cd

2.26 ± 0.15c

10

52.95 ± 1.27d

94.00 ± 2.00cd

1.78 ± 0.01ab

15

53.34 ± 1.25d

87.00 ± 2.00ab

1.63 ± 0.07a

20

53.02 ± 3.12d

94.00 ± 5.00cd

1.78 ± 0.20ab

WF-PPR

5

41.25 ± 0.93a

94.83 ± 2.02cd

2.30 ± 0.09c

10

51.64 ± 0.80cd

91.67 ± 2.08abcd

1.78 ± 0.03ab

15

52.23 ± 0.98d

86.00 ± 2.65a

1.65 ± 0.02a

20

53.30 ± 2.54d

90.67 ± 4.51abc

1.71 ± 0.16a