Cupcake formula^**

Substitution level (%)

Compounds

Moisture^*

Ash^■*

Crud protein^■*

Crud fat^■*

Crud fiber^■*

Available carbohydrate^■*

Energy value

(kJ∙g⁻¹)^■

WF

0

26.26 ± 1.10^a

1.45 ± 0.24^a

8.97 ± 0.17^d

9.79 ± 1.84^abc

0.70 ± 0.25^a

79.80 ± 2.06^a

1364.90 ± 5.29^de

WF-PPH

5

26.90 ± 0.44^ab

1.72 ± 0.15^abc

6.90 ± 0.93^abcd

8.45 ± 0.67^ab

0.86 ± 0.25^ab

82.93 ± 1.41d^b

1334.66 ± 7.06^cde

10

29.28 ± 1.97^cdef

1.83 ± 0.07^bc

5.73 ± 1.30^a

8.74 ± 2.10^ab

1.29 ± 0.41^abc

83.70 ± 2.38^b

1299.39 ± 9.31^abc

15

29.30 ± 0.54^cdef

1.94 ± 0.02^cd

6.90 ± 1.46^abcd

7.38 ± 0.53^a

1.81 ± 0.55^cde

83.78 ± 1.82^b

1281.15 ± 2.35^ab

20

28.98 ± 1.61^bcdef

2.32 ± 0.02^e

5.43 ± 1.26^a

8.66 ± 1.31^ab

1.96 ± 0.51^cde

83.59 ± 0.42^b

1302.55 ± 48.27^bc

WF-PPR

5

27.09 ± 0.59^abc

1.83 ± 0.16b^c

5.85 ± 1.59^a

8.52 ± 1.53^ab

0.77 ± 0.35^ab

83.80 ± 1.52^b

1333.72 ± 34.30^cde

10

27.30 ± 1.07^abcd

1.94 ± 0.15^cd

6.46 ± 1.02^abc

8.90 ± 0.68^ab

1.39 ± 0.57^abc

82.70 ± 0.48d^b

1337.88 ± 20.83^cde

15

28.17 ± 0.87^abcde

1.97 ± 0.14^cd

7.27 ± 2.42^abcd

7.47 ± 0.53^a

2.00 ± 0.52^cde

83.29 ± 3.02^b

1303.84 ± 23.88^bc

20

30.88 ± 0.73^f

2.43 ± 0.52^e

5.65 ± 0.59^a

7.73 ± 1.23^a

2.83 ± 0.89^f

84.19 ± 1.63^b

1257.90 ± 18.43^a