Morphological Awareness,

Transference Level to English L2/FL Reading Skills

Phonological Awareness,

Transference Level to English L2/FL Reading Skills

Orthographic Knowledge,

Transference Level to English L2/FL Reading Skills

Unidirectional from shallow orthographies to English L2, but not vice versa. Bidirectional between deep orthographies (including English).

There is a consensus that phonological awareness transfers to English L2 regardless of orthographic depth.

Transfer is only from alphabetic languages with similar orthographic features to English.

From Alphabetic Languages

Transfer of morphological awareness regarding compounding possible.

There is no consensus that phonological awareness transfers to English L2. Mixed findings.

There is no consensus that orthographic knowledge transfers to English L2. Mixed findings.

From Logographic Languages