| variable | explanation | mean | sd | min | max | N |
| imup_fe | =1 if upward mobility; =0 otherwise | 0.183 | 0.387 | 0 | 1 | 764 |
| imdown_fe | =1 if downward mobility; =0 otherwise | 0.338 | 0.473 | 0 | 1 | 764 |
| openness | trade dependency | 0.425 | 0.520 | 0.0460 | 1.641 | 764 |
| hhsize | household size | 4.385 | 1.416 | 3 | 12 | 764 |
| edu_f | father’s education level | 1.927 | 1.598 | 0 | 6 | 764 |
| age | child’s age | 24.74 | 6.445 | 14 | 55 | 764 |
| age2 | square of child’s age | 653.5 | 379.3 | 196 | 3025 | 764 |
| age_f | father’s age | 54.24 | 8.347 | 31 | 82 | 764 |
| age_f2 | square of father’s age | 3012 | 952.4 | 961 | 6724 | 764 |
| edu | education level in the region | 0.0040 | 0.0020 | 0.0010 | 0.0070 | 764 |
| industry | share of primary industry in total GDP | 0.157 | 0.0940 | 0.00800 | 0.320 | 764 |