Variables

Variable Definition

Model Notation

Source

Dependent Variables

Control of corruption

The quality of governance to combat and prevent corruption

corruption

World Bank (2022)

Rule of Law

The extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law in practice

law

World Bank (2022)

Competitiveness Index

The ability of a region to export more in value-added terms than it imports

competitiveness

World Bank (2022)

Independent Variables

E-Government Development Index

The readiness and capacity of national institutions to use ICTs to deliver public services

egovernment

United Nations (2022)

Human Capital Index

The citizens’ ability to use e-government services

hci

United Nations (2022)

Percentage of Individuals using the internet for interaction with public authorities

Individuals using the internet for interaction with public authorities

pubinternet

Eurostat (2022)

ICT access for business

Businesses with a website or home page (%)

ictbusiness

OECD (2022)

GDP per Capita

Gross domestic product per capita converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates

gdp

World Bank (2022)

Expense % GDP

Cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services

expense

World Bank (2022)

FDI net inflows (BoP, current US$)

Foreign direct investment net inflows

Infdi

World Bank (2022)

FDI net outflows (BoP, current US$)

Foreign direct investment net outflows

outfdi

World Bank (2022)