L

tube length

[m]

P

pressure

[Pa]

Q0

incident microwave power at the sample surface

[W]

Q1

incident microwave power per unit surface

[W・m−2]

QLR

heat generation due to microwave

[W・m−3]

R

tube radius

[m]

T

T temperature

[K]

cp

specificheat

[J・Kg−1・K−1]

hc

convective heat transfer coefficient

[W・m−2・k−1]

r

radialdirection

[m]

t

time

[s]

vm

averageaxialfluidvelocity

[m・s−1]

vz

axialfluidvelocity

[m・s−1]

z

axialdirection

[m]

α

attenuationfactor

[cm−1]

e'

dielectric constant

[−]

e"

dielectric loss

[-]

ρ

density

[kg・m−3]

τrz

flux of z-momentum in the positive r direction-

[Pa]