Variables | Test | Statistics | Statistics | Decision |
In level | In difference | |||
CO2 emissions | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | −1.36857* | −4.60110*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −0.55639 | −4.68685*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 4.30531*** | 0.13051*** | I(1) | |
Total population growth | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | −0.70834 | −3.56761*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −2.26728*** | −5.04041*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 3.46265*** | 1.47908* | I(1) | |
Gross fixed capital formation | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | −3.22865*** | −12.1400*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −2.84087*** | −9.88112*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 6.60668*** | 12.5084*** | I(1) | |
Energy consumption | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | 1.14142 | −6.48813*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −0.02393 | −6.25689*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 4.99208*** | 4.56580*** | I(1) | |
Kaufman institutional quality index | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | −1.72777** | −4.68437*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | −1.89340** | −5.73383*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 5.50379*** | 1.49496* | I(1) | |
Agricultural value added | Levin, Lin et Chu t* | −1.01426 | −8.62647*** | I(1) |
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat | 0.75905 | −7.49072*** | I(1) | |
Hadri Z-stat | 5.90398*** | 7.09878*** | I(1) |