| VARIABLES | Empirical critical values of t-CIPS at 5% | Integration order I() | ||
| Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | ||
| CIPS (34, 31) | Level stationarity | |||
| (−1.54) | (−2.11) | (−2.6) | ||
| government_stability | −2.394 | −2.606 | −2.983 | I(0) |
| external_conflict | −2.077 | −2.582 | −2.649 | I(0) |
| religious_tensions | −1.732 | −1.900 | −1.973 | I(0) |
| democratic_accountability | −1.417 | −1.581 | −1.724 | I(≥1) |
| natural_resource | −1.904 | −2.117 | −2.361 | I(0) |
| education | −1.217 | −1.945 | −1.968 | I(≥1) |
| gdp_per_cap | −4.314 | −4.755 | −5.044 | I(0) |
|
| First difference |
| ||
| CIPS (34, 30) | (−1.57) | (−2.16) | (−2.65) |
|
| education | −1.975 | −1.872 | −2.268 | I(1) |
| democratic_accountability | −2.138 | −2.558 | −2.627 | I(1) |