Type

kg CO₂ eq/kWh

kWp

kWh/m²/yr

Reference

VLS-PV

0.052 - 0.071

10E5

2017

[10]

Rooftop

0.0364

3500

1700

[37]

-

0.053

3

1150

[16]

Stand-alone

0.029 - 0.068

12

1733

[38]

Rooftop

0.083

3

1427

[39]

Stand-alone

0.131

4.2

1932

[9]

Case study

0.1461

0.12

1262

Stand-alone

0.173

3.6

1752

[40]

Rooftop

0.217

2.7

-

[41]

Stand-alone

0.583

0.049

1533

[42]

Stand-alone

0.6 - 1.2

-

1700

[11]