Criteria

Description

1

Positive diagnosis of influenza

virus antigen and nucleic acid, virus isolation

2

Clinical manifestations

Acute onset with sudden neurological symptoms, such as seizures, rapid cognitive impairment, mental changes, loss of consciousness, coma

3

Laboratory

CSF in most IAE cases has not detected virus; most cerebrospinal fluid cells and protein are normal, or with slight protein elevation

4

Brain imaging

Imaging supports encephalopathy change; diffuse slow wave in EEG

5

Best treatment practice

a) Antiviral treatment within 48 hours of onset: Oseltamivir, peramivir, Zanamivir, etc.

b) High dose of gamma globulin and hormone shock therapy

c) Reduced brain metabolism

d) Plasma exchange therapy is recommended when DIC and/or MOF are present

e) Intensive care, supportive care, etc.