Step

Description

Step #1

Adsorption of ionic species onto the particle surface.

Step #2

Displacement of the particle by forced convection towards the cathode’s hydrodynamic boundary layer (δ₀). Also, δ₀ is the distance between an object and the fluid where the velocity is relatively constant.

Step #3

Diffusion of the particle through the double diffusion layer (δ).

Step #4

Adsorption of the particle, still with its ionic cloud, at the cathode surface.

Step #5

Reduction of some adsorbed ionic species by which the particle becomes irreversibly incorporated in the metal matrix.