| Vocalization | Emotional states |
| Howling | Social sharing of an emotion, strengthening of social ties if in a group, state of melancholy and call for attention if in a state of solitude. |
| Whimpering/Moaning | Request for attention by the puppy to the mother or the dog to the owner, expression of physical or psychological pain, expression of contentment at the arrival of the mother or the owner after a period of solitude. |
| Whining | Intense physical pain, anguish of abandonment. |
| Growling | Intense aggression, intimidation signal to not get into a clash. |
| Yawning | a) Paralinguistic signal to reduce stress b) Contentment for having reduced stress |
| Sighing | Anxiety |
| whistling | It accompanies numerous other vocalizations. |