| Vocalization | Emission of the sounds | Frequency of the sounds |
| Howling | Continuous sound emission like singing, emitted alone or in group | Medium-high frequencies of sounds singing rich in various intonations in extreme “legato” |
| Whimpering/Moaning | Continuous sound emission | High frequencies of sounds, with numerous intervals of descendant minor thirds |
| Whining | Continuous sound emission, similar to a cried singing | Medium-low frequencies of sounds, with numerous descendant intervals of a perfect musical fifth, in extreme “legato” and with the transitional attack release of the low sound that is very short. The first sound is longer than the last one, reached with a glissando |
| Growling | Continuous sound emission due to a short initial veil vibration, followed by that of false vocal folds | Very low frequencies |
| Barking | Continuous or discrete emission of short sounds | Various numbers of frequencies, emitted in significant tonal and rhythmical sequences |
| Yawning | a) long inspiration without vocal sounds b) long inspiration followed by a long exhalation with vocal sounds on the same opening of the yawning | a) no vocal sound b) ascendant and descendant intervals of open vowels |
| Sighing | Long inhalation and exhalation without vocal sounds | // |
| whistling | Continuous sound emission | High frequencies of sounds |