| Whether trying to reduce salt intake | Trying actively | 32 | 13.1 | (11.5 to 14.6) | - | |
| Trying a little | 129 | 13.6 | (12.9 to 14.4) | 0.99 | ||
| Not trying much | 134 | 12.9 | (12.1 to 13.6) | 0.99 | ||
| Not trying at all | 79 | 13.2 | (12.2 to 14.1) | 0.99 | ||
| Use of dashi flavor, broth, or stock and the natural taste of food | Trying actively | 53 | 13.6 | (12.4 to 14.7) | - | |
| Trying a little | 122 | 13.0 | (12.2 to 13.8) | 0.99 | ||
| Not trying much | 116 | 13.7 | (12.9 to 14.5) | 0.99 | ||
| Not trying at all | 83 | 12.6 | (11.7 to 13.5) | 0.99 | ||
| Whether trying to have a meal consisting of a staple food, main dish, and side dishes | Trying actively | 48 | 12.6 | (11.3 to 13.8) | - | |
| Trying a little | 101 | 13.7 | (12.9 to 14.5) | 0.78 | ||
| Not trying much | 163 | 13.3 | (12.6 to 13.9) | 0.99 | ||
| Not trying at all | 62 | 12.8 | (11.7 to 13.8) | 0.99 | ||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | Daily | 148 | 14.1 | (13.4 to 14.7) | - | |
| Occasionally | 112 | 12.9 | (12.1 to 13.7) | 0.09 | ||
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 114 | 12.4 | (11.6 to 13.2) | 0.005 | ||
|
|
| Female (N = 386) |
| |||
| Questionnaire items | Answer | No. Participants | Mean | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Making oneself gorge on a meal | Everyday | 112 | 11.7 | (11.1 to 12.3) | - | |
| 5 - 6 times/week | 182 | 11.5 | (11.0 to 11.9) | 0.99 | ||
| 3 - 4 times/week | 75 | 10.9 | (10.1 to 11.6) | 0.51 | ||
| ≤2 times/week | 17 | 10.4 | (8.9 to 12.0) | 0.78 | ||
| Having ≥2 different staple foods | ≥3 times/week | 79 | 12.2 | (11.5 to 12.9) | - | |
| per meal | ≤2 times/week | 307 | 11.2 | (10.8 to 11.5) | 0.011 | |
| Having a 1-dish meal | ≥3 times/week | 177 | 11.6 | (11.1 to 12.1) | - | |
| ≤2 times/week | 209 | 11.2 | (10.7 to 11.6) | 0.18 | ||
| Number of simmered dishes per day | ≥4 servings | 32 | 12.1 | (11 to 13.3) | - | |
| 2 - 3 servings | 156 | 11.6 | (11.1 to 12.1) | 0.99 | ||
| 1 serving | 143 | 11.1 | (10.6 to 11.7) | 0.69 | ||
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 55 | 11.0 | (10.1 to 11.8) | 0.71 | ||
| Number of soups per day | ≥3 servings | 27 | 11.8 | (10.6 to 13) | - | |
| 2 servings | 126 | 11.4 | (10.8 to 11.9) | 0.99 | ||
| 1 serving | 190 | 11.3 | (10.9 to 11.8) | 0.99 | ||
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 43 | 11.2 | (10.2 to 12.2) | 0.99 | ||
| Types of pickled vegetables per day | ≥2 types | 96 | 12.0 | (11.3 to 12.7) | - | |
| 1 type | 181 | 11.3 | (10.8 to 11.8) | 0.26 | ||
| ≤1/2 days | 109 | 10.9 | (10.3 to 11.6) | 0.09 | ||