| Questionnaire items | Answer | No. Participants | Mean | 95% CI | p-value |
| Making oneself gorge on a meal | everyday | 226 | 12.6 | (12.1 to 13.1) | - |
| 5 - 6 times/week | 354 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.7) | 0.99 | |
| 3 - 4 times/week | 143 | 12.2 | (11.5 to 12.8) | 0.99 | |
| ≤2 times/week | 37 | 10.7 | (9.5 to 11.9) | 0.038 | |
| Having ≥2 different staple foods | ≥3 times/week | 198 | 12.8 | (12.2 to 13.3) | - |
| per meal | ≤2 times/week | 562 | 12.1 | (11.8 to 12.4) | 0.034 |
| Having a 1-dish meal | ≥3 times/week | 419 | 12.5 | (12.2 to 12.9) | - |
| ≤2 times/week | 341 | 12.0 | (11.6 to 12.4) | 0.046 | |
| Number of simmered dishes per day | ≥4 servings | 45 | 13.9 | (12.8 to 15.0) | - |
| 2 - 3 servings | 270 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.8) | 0.06 | |
| 1 serving | 325 | 12.4 | (12.0 to 12.8) | 0.08 | |
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 120 | 11.3 | (10.6 to 12.0) | 0.001 | |
| Number of soups per day | ≥3 servings | 66 | 12.5 | (11.6 to 13.5) | - |
| 2 servings | 247 | 12.4 | (11.9 to 12.9) | 0.99 | |
| 1 serving | 360 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.7) | 0.99 | |
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 87 | 11.7 | (10.9 to 12.5) | 0.99 | |
| Types of pickled vegetables per day | ≥2 types | 169 | 12.9 | (12.3 to 13.5) | - |
| 1 type | 340 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.7) | 0.31 | |
| ≤1/2 days | 251 | 11.8 | (11.4 to 12.3) | 0.027 | |
| Having salt-cured fish eggs per day | ≥1 time | 202 | 12.8 | (12.3 to 13.3) | - |
| ≤1 serving/2 days | 558 | 12.1 | (11.8 to 12.4) | 0.024 | |
| Having salty snacks per day | ≥2 times | 41 | 12.5 | (11.3 to 13.6) | - |
| 1 time | 337 | 12.3 | (11.8 to 12.7) | 0.99 | |
| ≤1/2 days | 382 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.7) | 0.99 | |
| Quantity of soup consumed when eating noodles | ≥1/3 | 653 | 12.4 | (12.1 to 12.7) | - |
| very little | 107 | 11.6 | (10.8 to 12.3) | 0.044 | |
| Addition of seasoning to cooked dishes | Yes | 459 | 12.5 | (12.1 to 12.8) | - |
| No | 301 | 12.0 | (11.5 to 12.4) | 0.10 | |
| Preference for strong-tasting meals | Yes | 300 | 12.7 | (12.3 to 13.1) | - |
| No | 460 | 12.0 | (11.6 to 12.3) | 0.013 | |
| Frequency of using delicatessen food | ≥2 times/week | 251 | 12.3 | (11.8 to 12.7) | - |
| ≤1 time/week | 509 | 12.3 | (11.9 to 12.6) | 0.97 | |
| Frequency of eating out | ≥2 times/week | 225 | 12.7 | (12.2 to 13.2) | - |
| ≤1 time/week | 535 | 12.1 | (11.8 to 12.4) | 0.05 |