Control variables

1) Currently married

−0.08^***

−0.01

−0.15^**

−0.12^*

−0.01

2) Minority

−0.04

−0.10

0.04

−0.03

−0.02

3) Male

−0.03

-

-

−.05

.03

4) Urban

−0.04^**

−0.11^***

0.01

-

-

5) Age

−0.01^***

0.01

−0.01^**

−0.01

−0.01^**

6) Household income

−0.01^**

−0.01

−0.02^**

−0.02^**

−0.01

7) Education

−0.01^*

0.01

0.01

0.01

−0.01

8) Self-rated health

−0.16^***

−0.09^***

−0.15^***

−0.12^***

−0.14^***

9) ADL disabilities

0.04^***

0.02

0.04^***

0.03^***

0.03^*

10) Spouse dead, ≤3 years

0.03

−0.05

−0.02

−0.03

−0.06

11) Living with others

−0.06^**

−0.04

−0.11^**

−0.07

−0.10^*

Constant

1.50^***

0.63^*

1.77^***

1.06^***

1.39^***

N

2087

899

1188

1182

905

Adjusted R2

0.08

0.02

0.08

0.06

0.05