No distraction group (n = 32)

Comic book group (n = 31)

VR group

(n = 29)

Wald

p

NRS-11

3.87 (2.21)

2.90 (2.20)

1.28 (1.22)

35.234

<0.001

CHEOPS

6.03 (1.94)

6.16 (1.46)

5.10 (1.37)

3.415

0.181