No distraction group

(n = 32)

Comic book group

(n = 31)

VR group

(n = 29)

x²

p

Sex^a

Female

14 (43.8%)

16 (48.4%)

14 (48.3%)

0.39

0.821

Male

18 (56.3%)

15 (51.6%)

15 (51.7%)

No distraction group

(n = 32)

Comic book group

(n = 31)

VR group

(n = 29)

F

p

Age^b

11.13 (2.77)

10.87 (2.26)

10.59 (2.54)

0.34

0.710

Preprocedural anxiety^b

Worry

3.84 (2.54)

4.65 (3.42)

5.21 (2.72)

1.69

0.191

Tension

3.38 (2.25)

4.68 (2.52)

4.41 (2.67)

2.43

0.094

No distraction group

(n = 32)

Comic book group

(n = 31)

VR group

(n = 29)

Wald

p

Confidence

2.84 (2.69)

3.45 (3.22)

4.41 (2.82)

10.566

0.005