Group 1 (n = 5)

(nonradicular)

Group 2 (n = 6)

(true radiculopathy)

Group 3 (n = 9)

(pseudoradiculopathy)

Group 4 (n = 4)

(peripheral neuropathy)

Social/economic status

Working middle class

Working middle class

Working middle class

Working middle class

Ethnic composition & age range

White Caucasian, 36 - 55 years

White Caucasian, 28 - 31 years

White Caucasian, 26 - 58 years

White Caucasian, 30 - 50 years

Occupational backgrounds represented

Construction, retail/grocery

Healthcare, office/clerical

Construction, retail/grocery

Sales, office work