| Study cohort | Phosphate levels (mmol/L) | Total calcium levels (mmol/L) | |||||||
| Low (<1.09) | Middle (1.10 - 1.23) | High (>1.23) | p-Value | Low (<2.43) | Middle (2.44 - 2.50) | High (>2.50) | p-value | ||
| n (%) | 134 (100.0) | 38 (28.4) | 54 (40.3) | 42 (31.3) | - | 59 (45.0) | 37 (28.2) | 35 (26.7) | - |
| Age, years | 39.4 (7.8) | 39.4 (6.9) | 38.5 (8.2) | 40.2 (8.5) | 0.634 | 40.3 (7.5) | 40.4 (7.9) | 36.4 (7.2) | 0.034 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 23.5 (3.9) | 23.6 (4.2) | 23.3 (3.1) | 23.8 (4.1) | 0.84 | 23.4 (3.8) | 23.3 (4.2) | 23.9 (3.5) | 0.756 |
| SBP, mmHg | 134.2 (18.8) | 134.8 (21.3) | 136.3 (18.0) | 131.5 (15.9) | 0.507 | 132.6 (16.7) | 135.8 (20.5) | 135.9 (20.8) | 0.63 |
| DBP, mmHg | 84.7 (13.2) | 85.8 (14.0) | 85.3 (12.9) | 82.9 (12.3) | 0.534 | 84.8 (12.7) | 85.4 (13.2) | 84.0 (14.6) | 0.904 |
| Insulin, µU/ml | 26.6 (20.9) | 32.1 (24.6) | 24.3 (19.0) | 21.7 (15.3) | 0.037 | 21.5 (15.7) | 26.1 (18.2) | 32.2 (23.4) | 0.029 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.6) | 0.219 | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.4 (0.5) | 0.106 |
| HOMA–IR | 5.1 (4.6) | 6.0 (4.5) | 5.0 (5.6) | 4.1 (3.6) | 0.123 | 4.3 (4.6) | 4.8 (3.6) | 6.4 (5.0) | 0.081 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.4 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.5 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.1) | 0.124 | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.02) | 2.6 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Phosphate, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.03) | 1.4 (0.1) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.401 |
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 350.9 (68.2) | 345.8 (80.8) | 339.6 (67.9) | 367.6 (75.5) | 0.144 | 344.7 (67.3) | 354.3 (70.2) | 361.3 (70.0) | 0.512 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.9) | 0.526 | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.0) | 0.032 |
| TG, mmol/L | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.767 | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.255 |
| HDL–C, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.338 | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 0.037 |
| LDL–C, mmol/L | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 0.738 | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.8) | 0.130 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 63 (47.0) | 26 (41.3) | 20 (31.7) | 17 (27.0) | 0.541 | 26 (41.9) | 17 (27.4) | 19 (30.6) | 0.619 |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 51 (38.1) | 21 (41.2) | 13 (25.5) | 17 (33.3) | 0.886 | 23 (45.1) | 16 (31.4) | 12 (23.5) | 0.579 |
| Insulin resistance, n (%) | 33 (24.6) | 19 (57.6) | 6 (18.2) | 8 (24.2) | 0.062 | 8 (25.8) | 9 (29.0) | 14 (45.2) | 0.014 |
| High insulin, n (%) | 90 (67.2) | 42 (46.7) | 26 (28.9) | 22 (24.4) | 0.031 | 32 (36.8) | 29 (33.3) | 26 (29.9) | 0.026 |